1با نظر به جایگاه سالمندی در فرهنگ دینی و با توجه به تاثیر معماری فضای زندگی سالمندان بر سلامت روحی و جسمی، در پژوهش حاضر تاثیر ویژگیهای کالبدی- فضایی در کیفیت سالمندپذیری فضا(فضای مطلوب سالمندان) مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. عوامل کالبدی و مولفه های سالمندپذیری در قالب دو پرسشنامه طراحی گردیده است. نمره روایی پرسشنامه سالمندپذیری 841/0 و پرسشنامه عوامل کالبدی 501/0است. جامعه آماری سالمندان بالای 65 سال منطقه 3 شهر شاهرود و ساکنین خانه سالمندان ثامن الأئمه شاهرود هستند. تحلیل 120پرسشنامه با نرم افزار spss صورت گرفته است. آزمون کولموگروف-اسمیرنوف برای سنجش نرمال بودن متغیرها و آزمون های همبستگی پیرسون، Tمستقل،Tوابسته، Fلوین، تحلیل واریانس یک راهه، تعقیبی توکی و رگرسیون اجراگردیده است. ارتباط معنادار بین عوامل کالبدی- فضایی و میزان سالمندپذیری تایید شد اما واریانس تبیین شده در دامنه مطلوب قرار ندارد که به دلیل محدودیت های ذهنی و وضعیت جسمی ساکنین این مرکز قابل پیش بینی بود. نتیجه رگرسیون چنین نشان می دهد که مولفه امید به زندگی و سپس عدم تنهایی،کرامت، حس خانه و خودکارآمدی، بیشترین تاثیر را از کیفیت فضایی می گیرند، بنابراین با تامین ویژگی های کالبدی مورد سنجش می توان حس امید به زندگی را در بین سالمندان افزایش ارتقا داد. همچنین بر اساس نتیجه رگرسیون، منظر مناسب، دسترسی و عوامل عملکردی بیشترین ارتباط و تاثیر را برایجاد فضای مناسب برای اقامت سالمندان دارند. ارتباط معناداری نیز بین میزان مولفه های سالمندپذیری و محل اقامت سالمندان در سه دسته؛ خانه شخصی ویلایی، آپارتمانی و خانه سالمندان وجود دارد و خانه شخصی ویلایی نسبت به آپارتمان و خانه سالمندان، فضای مناسب تری برای سکونت سالمندان ارزیابی شده است.

As a part of the human society, children have formed the future generation of every country, and the child's interaction with the surrounding environment requires his physical and mental development. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the environment that promotes mental and physical development of the child. In order to check the suitable environment for children, the initiative of the child-friendly city has been taken into consideration. The general purpose of this research is to improve the status of two cities from the perspective of a child-friendly city and to identify the appropriate indicators of a child-friendly city and to make a comparative comparison in the two metropolises of Tehran and Isfahan. The current research is developmental in terms of the combined method and in terms of the goal, and it is based on library and documentary studies, field surveys and interviews. Yeoman-Whitney test was used to analyze the indicators. The results of the evaluation show that in the comparison of the two cities of Tehran and Isfahan in terms of the examined indicators (social and physical, economic, environmental, urban management and leisure), Tehran city in the variable of safety and protection with an average of 3.09 and Isfahan city in Participation and citizenship variables with an average of 3.22 have a favorable level. Although Tehran is in a better condition compared to Isfahan in other indicators, in general, both cities are far apart in terms of standard indicators, and suggestions have been made in this regard.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Background: The expansion of the use of audio and video media technology has faced society with many medical, cultural and economic challenges. In the meantime, excessive use of mobile phones can cause many problems. Objective: The aim of this study was to construct and validate a questionnaire on physical and psychological injuries of mobile phones. Method: The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational and confirmatory factor analysis. The statistical population of the study consisted of all citizens of Khorramabad with a diploma or higher in 1399, which was selected as a statistical sample by available sampling method of 200 people online and virtual. Results: The results showed that the factorized physical and psychological harm questionnaire of cell phone with 42 questions and 10 components (fear of loss, vibration syndrome, duck syndrome, nomophobia, insomnia, hearing problem, eye syndrome, tunnel and neck syndrome SMS) and has good reliability, validity and flexibility in terms of psychometrics. Discussion and Conclusion: The questionnaire of factor analysis of physical and psychological injuries of mobile phones can be used to identify and study the physical and psychological injuries of mobile phones.

شروع هزاره سوم میلادی با انقلاب در مهندسی ژنتیک DNA و فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات همراه است و با سرعتی شتابان در حال دگرگون کردن ساختارهای اجتماعی و اقتصادی جوامع کهن بشری است. جامعه شبکه ای با ویژگیهای خاص خود تمامی بنیانهای جامعه نظیر اقتصاد، آموزش، فرهنگ، سیاست و، به ویژه، زمان و مکان را در حال تغییر و تحول مداوم و جهانی شدن می بیند و دولتهای ملی و محلی را، که در شرایط متعارف نماینده اراده و حاکمیت ملی و تمامیت ارضی خودند، در برابر فشارهای خوردکننده فرایند و جهانی که همه اجزای آن سیال و متغیر است قرار داده است. با حضور این فرایند اجتناب ناپذیر، که جدایی از آن غیر ممکن است، دولتها باید به مسوولیت عظیم خود در قبال جامعه توجه داشته باشند و آگاهی چگونه زیستن در این جامعه را برای تمامی مردم از طریق آموزش مادام العمر فراهم نمایند تا شاید از این طریق بتوانند از حذف اجتماعی افراد و به حاشیه رفتن آنها در شبکه قدرتمند جهانی جلوگیری کنند.دادن آموزش به حجم عظیمی از مردم جامعه در قالب آموزشهای سنتی و فضای فیزیکی موجود امکانپذیر نخواهد بود. اما تجربیات دانشگاههای باز و آموزش از راه دور در جامعه شبکه ای جایگاهی خاص پیدا خواهد کرد و می تواند نقش مهمی در آموزش، به ویژه آموزش بزرگسالان، در نظم نوین جهانی داشته باشد.

زمینه و هدف: فرسودگی سندرمی است که با خستگی روانی و فقدان کفایت شغلی بروز می کند و شرایط نامساعد فیزیکی و امکانات حرفه ای استرسی را بر پرستار تحمیل می نماید که احتمالا تاثیرگذار بر فرسودگی است. لذا مطالعه حاضر با هدف تعیین فرسودگی شغلی پرستاران و رابطه آن با عوامل محیط کار و امکانات تخصصی به عمل آمد.روش بررسی: مطاله حاضر توصیفی و تحلیلی از نوع همبستگی، روی 272 نفر از پرستاران شاغل در بیمارستان های وابسته به دانشگاه علوم پزشکی استان گلستان در سال های 84-1383 انجام شد. ابراز تحقیق پرسشنامه مسلاچ (MBI) بود که شامل واکنش عاطفی، خستگی روانی، جسمانی، مسخ شخصیت و احساس عدم موفقیت فردی بود. پرسشنامه دوم مربوط به عوامل مربوط به محیط کار و امکانات تخصصی بود.یافته ها: از کل 272 نمونه مورد بررسی، بالاترین سطح فرسودگی در بعد عاطفی بود (43.8 درصد). آزمون آماری بین فرسودگی عاطفی و مسخ شخصیت با شرایط فیزیکی محیط کار رابطه معنی داری را نشان داد (P<0.05). همین طور فرسودگی عاطفی از نظر شدت با امکانات تخصصی حرفه ای  محیط کار رابطه معنی دار و با مطلوبیت محیط رابطه معکوسی نشان داد (P<0.05).نتیجه گیری: بیشترین سطح فرسودگی در حیطه فرسودگی عاطفی بود و با شرایط محیط فیزیکی و امکانات حرفه ای بخش رابطه داشت و میزان مطلوبیت فیزیکی و امکانات حرفه ای با میزان فرسودگی رابطه معکوس داشت. پیشنهاد می شود مسوولین به بهبود محیط و امکانات تخصصی بخش ها توجه ویژه ای داشته باشد.

A B S T R A C T Tourism as a socio-economic activity plays an essential role in the economic, social, physical, and cultural dimensions of rural settlements in developing countries, which can have significant impacts on rural physical identity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of tourism on the identity changes of rural settlements in Oraman area of Sarvabad Township in Kurdistan province. Therefore, the present study questions 1. What is the relationship between tourism development and rural identity changes in the study area? What are the most critical factors influencing the physical development of rural settlements? He answers. The present study is a descriptive-analytical based on data collection using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of 7 villages located in the Dezli-Hajij communication axis in Oraman District based on population and housing census data of 1395 with 1572 households and 306 households were selected using Cochran formula. One-sample t-test and factor analysis were used for data analysis. The findings of the study showed that tourism development in the sample villages in terms of continuity over time such as housing construction quality (3/67), sanitation (3/39) and land-use changes (3/78) and unity and plurality such as Design and style of housing architecture (3/01) and public transit architecture (3/23) and then differentiation and homogeneity such as proportionality with rural life (3/58) and rurality or location (3/43) have a positive impact on the physical dimensions of rural settlements in the region. The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that tourism development plays a vital role in the development of rural physical identity in the region. So that the proportion of rural life with a specific amount of 13/6 and 27% of the total variance had the most influence among the factors Extended Abstract Introduction  As an important socio-economic activity in local and regional development, tourism has a high potential for political, social, and economic changes in communities. Scholars widely regard it as the engine of development. Today, rural areas in developing countries face various economic, social, and environmental challenges. Planners need to pay more attention to complementary sectors of agricultural activities such as the development of handicrafts, food industries, and tourism because agriculture is now retreating from its hegemonic position in some rural areas. Therefore, tourism as one of the essential approaches to rural development has multiple effects on the socio-economic dimensions of rural areas. Tourism can play a vital role in shaping spaces, reconfiguring and rebuilding processes, creating new socio-economic opportunities in less-developed rural areas,  and leads to changes in the physical dimensions and physical identity of the villages.   Methodology This study aims to investigate the role of tourism development in the physical identity of  rural settlements located in the Dezley-Hajij road axis in Oraman County (Sarvabad Township- Kurdistan province) in western Iran. This applied study methodology of research was based on analytical– descriptive methods using questionnaires. After the survey of theoretical bases, the questionnaire was set using a Likert spectrum and distributed randomly among the sample. The statistical population of this study consisted of 1572 households residing in the villages of Daraki (Dezli County), Veisiyan and Kamaleh (Oraman County), Belbar, Jivar, Celin, and Novin (Shalyar County), with a sample of 306 was selected by Cochran formula. A questionnaire was further validated by an academic panel of experts in the field of research. Cronbach's alpha determined its reliability, which was up to 0.890 for measured indexes. The data were analyzed by One sample T-test and Factor   analysis tests in the SPSS software package.    Results and discussion To investigate the role of tourism activities in the physical identity change of rural settlements, the research indices in terms of three components of time continuity (quality of constructions, health, and environmental cleanliness and land-use transformations), unity/multiplicity (Landscape of free passages and the type of architectural style), and differentiation/similarity (proportional to rural life and Compliance with the physical environment) were classified. The results of the one-sample t-test showed that assuming numerical utility (3 mean spectra), the components of continuity in time, variance, multiplicity, and differentiation and similarity with numerical mean values (3.62), (3.35), and (3.27), respectively. The effect of tourism development is affected, and the difference is positive and means between upper and lower boundaries. There is a significant difference at the 95% level between the components. Evaluation of the importance of tourism in the physical development of rural settlements from the viewpoint of the respondents using factor analysis statistical test showed that the relevant data according to the KMO coefficient (0.812) is appropriate, and the Bartlett's test is 99% significant. Therefore, 50 variables extracted from the questionnaire were classified into six main factors, namely rural planning and architecture, beautification and environmental hygiene, privacy and road improvement, rural livelihoods, cultural regeneration, and physical security.   Conclusion Findings based on the utility analysis of indicators indicate the positive impact of tourism development on the development of physical identity changes in rural settlements in the study area. Thus, the development of tourism in the villages under study has been able to positively influence the three dimensions of identity, such as continuity in time, unity and plurality, and differentiation and similarity. Therefore, it can be concluded that tourism development due to its social and economic impacts on the villages has also led to changes in rural physical identity. Moreover, hygiene and cleanliness of the rural environment were observed with a numerical mean (3.81) and (3.67), respectively, both of which are indices in the continuity component over time. The results of the data analysis using factor analysis showed that the studied variables had 6% of the total variance in 5% of total variance. Based on the results of this analysis, it can be concluded that tourism development in two factors in terms of continuity in time has the most impact on the physical identity of rural settlements at 41%. Thus, planning and architecture of rural housing with 27% of the total variance and beautification and sanitation of the physical environment with 14% of the total variance have a significant impact on the physical changes and, consequently, the physical identity of the rural settlements. Based on the research findings, the following suggestions can be considered: Strengthening local institutions, such as the Islamic Council and the local managers, in order to promote the use of local patterns in the construction of new instruments to conform to the physical structure and function of the villages in the region; Management of land use changes on the edge of the village in order to prevent unnecessary physical changes in the way of preservation and environmental beauty; Prevent the accumulation of pesticides in public passages due to tourism in the area; Improving public beauties and beautifying them using the social and cultural elements of the region.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest The Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments The authors appreciate to all the scientific consultants of this paper.